Traumatic Brain Injury

What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden impact, blow, or jolt to the head disrupts normal brain function. TBIs can range from mild to severe and may affect physical, cognitive, emotional, or sensory abilities.

Not all TBIs involve loss of consciousness, and symptoms may not always appear immediately.

Common symptoms of TBI

Symptoms vary depending on the injury and the individual, but may include:

• headaches
• dizziness or balance problems
• difficulty concentrating or remembering
• changes in mood, sleep, or behavior
• sensitivity to light or noise
• vision changes
• neck pain
• anxiety & depression

Some symptoms improve quickly, while others may persist or change over time.

When should someone seek medical evaluation?

Medical evaluation is recommended if symptoms persist, worsen, or interfere with daily activities following a head injury. Certain warning signs—such as confusion, worsening headaches, repeated vomiting, weakness, or changes in alertness—require prompt medical attention.

How is a traumatic brain injury evaluated?

Evaluation may include:

• a detailed medical history
• neurologic examination
• imaging studies such as CT or MRI, when appropriate

The goal is to assess the injury, identify complications, and guide treatment decisions. In some cases, additional specialized testing may be used to better understand how the injury is affecting brain function. These may include:

• Neuropsychological assessments, which evaluate memory, attention, processing speed, and other cognitive functions
• Electrophysiological testing, such as EEG or other studies, which assess brain activity and neural signaling patterns

These tools can help identify subtle changes in brain function that may not be visible on imaging and can guide individualized rehabilitation strategies.

How is TBI treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of the injury and the symptoms involved. Many TBIs are managed without surgery and may include:

• observation and symptom monitoring
• medications for headache, pain, or other symptoms
• physical, occupational, and vestibular rehabilitation, including balance and coordination therapy when dizziness or motion sensitivity is present
• functional neurological rehabilitation, which focuses on improving how the brain and nervous system coordinate movement, posture, and sensory processing during recovery
• psychiatric oversight including medication, talk therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation

Treatment plans are individualized and may evolve over time.

Does every TBI require surgery?

No. Most traumatic brain injuries do not require surgery. Surgical treatment is considered only in specific situations, such as when there is bleeding, swelling, or pressure on the brain that requires intervention.

What role does rehabilitation play after a TBI?

Rehabilitation can be an important part of recovery for some patients and may include a range of therapies aimed at supporting neurologic healing and functional improvement. Depending on symptoms, therapy may focus on balance, coordination, strength, vision, or cognitive function. The goal is to support recovery and help patients safely return to daily activities.

What is Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) and how does it fit into post-TBI care?

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) involves breathing oxygen in a pressurized environment under medical supervision. This process increases the amount of oxygen delivered to body tissues, including the brain.

In TBI care, HBOT may be considered as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation plan in select cases. Research is ongoing, and its use is individualized based on a patient’s history, symptoms, and overall treatment goals. HBOT is not a replacement for standard rehabilitation therapies but may be used alongside other treatments when appropriate.

How long does recovery take?

Recovery timelines vary widely. Some people improve within weeks, while others experience symptoms for longer periods. Recovery depends on the type of injury, overall health, and associated conditions.

How does our practice support patients with TBI?

Care for traumatic brain injury often involves a multidisciplinary approach. Depending on symptoms, patients may benefit from evaluation by neurosurgery, neurology, psychiatry or neuropsychology, rehabilitation specialists, vestibular therapists, or pain management providers. Recommendations are based on individual needs and diagnostic findings.

Educational Disclaimer
This information is provided for educational purposes only and may not apply to every patient. Diagnosis and treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare provider.